Interactions between Memory and New Learning: Insights from fMRI Multivoxel Pattern Analysis. The large-scale sharing of task-based functional neuroimaging data has the potential to allow novel insights into the organization of mental function in the brain, but the field of neuroimaging has lagged behind other areas of bioscience in the development of data sharing resources. In contrast, anterior hippocampal responses were content general, with less accurate overall pattern classification relative to MTL cortex. Here we investigate how real-life gains in schematic knowledge affect the neural correlates of episodic encoding, assessing medical students 3 months before and immediately after their final exams. Hippocampal subfields CA(3) and CA(1) are hypothesized to differentially support the generation of associative predictions and the detection of associative mismatches, respectively. Importantly, the recent development of event-related fMRI methods now allows for examination of trial-by-trial differences in neural activity during encoding and of the consequences of these differences for later remembering. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.025, View details for Web of Science ID 000280221000003. Associations can be based on relationships between object features (e.g., the three leaflets of poison ivy leaves) and outcomes (e.g., rash). Until the direction of causality is understood (whether media multitasking causes such behavioral and neural differences or whether individuals with such differences tend to multitask with media more often), the data suggest that engagement with concurrent media streams should be thoughtfully considered. By contrast, generalization may emerge from mnemonic processes occurring while premise events are encoded. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.nlm.2008.10.011, View details for Web of Science ID 000263608600006, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2814803. The present studies examined whether these measures identify a common familiarity process. These tests may offer utility for identifying cognitively unimpaired older adults with preclinical AD pathology. These data suggest that the dentate gyrus is dysfunctional in schizophrenia, a feature that could contribute to declarative memory impairment in the disorder and possibly to psychosis, a conclusion consistent with the considerable molecular pathology in the dentate gyrus in schizophrenia. View details for DOI 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5145-14.2015, View details for Web of Science ID 000358247900015. Declarative memory allows an organism to discriminate between previously encountered and novel items, and to place past encounters in time. Fluent reprocessing of perceptual aspects of recently experienced stimuli is thought to support repetition priming effects on implicit perceptual memory tests. Subjects encountered three-alternative forced-choice retrieval trials, each consisting of two words from a preceding study phase and one novel word, and were instructed to either identify the novel item (Novelty trials) or the more recently presented study item (Recency trials). Anthony Wagner is part of Stanford Profiles, official site for faculty, postdocs, students and staff information (Expertise, Bio, Research, Publications, and more). To assess the motoric aspects of rehearsal in the absence of working memory, we asked the subjects to repeatedly read subvocally six or one letters at a rate that approximated the internally generated rehearsal of working memory (motoric rehearsal task). Email: awagner@stanford.edu. View Anthony Wagner’s professional profile on Relationship Science, the database of decision makers. Finally, we consider recent data indicating that stress at retrieval increases activity in a network of brain regions that enable reflexive, rapid responding to upcoming threats, while transiently taking offline regions supporting flexible, goal-directed thinking. Furthermore, generalization of CCD from one item (X) to another item (Y) was predicted by a decrease in alpha power following the presentation of the X-Y pair. Anthony Wagner. Professor. Episodic recognition can be based on recollection of contextual details, on a sense of recent encounter, or some combination of the two. Human participants were trained to navigate familiar paths in virtual environments and then (concurrent with fMRI) performed a planning and navigation task that could be most efficiently solved by taking novel shortcut paths. These neural and behavioral changes under psychological stress were tied to evidence for disrupted neural replay of memory for future locations in the spatial environment, providing mechanistic insight into why and how stress can alter planning and foster inefficient behavior. In one previous study, the magnitude of diminished priming across exemplars was greater in the right relative to the left fusiform, suggesting greater exemplar specificity in the right. Gonzalez, A., Hutchinson, J. View details for Web of Science ID 000221457900017. Dudukovic, N. M., DuBrow, S., Wagner, A. D. Performance-Related Sustained and Anticipatory Activity in Human Medial Temporal Lobe during Delayed Match-to-Sample. Such priming may also be found -- but at a reduced level -- for different but perceptually similar objects that are alternative exemplars or 'tokens' of the initially presented object. When devoted to the latter, the diversion of LIPC processes to the task level can have a negative consequence for item-level analysis and encoding. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.027, View details for Web of Science ID 000269852300002. (1998) along with additional studies, we conclude that PET studies of encoding reveal both anterior and posterior MTL activations. A central function of memory is to permit an organism to distinguish between stimuli that have been previously encountered and those that are novel. Using ultra-high-field 7T structural MRI and high-resolution 3T functional MRI (hr-fMRI), we evaluated MTL subfield thickness and function in older adults representing a spectrum of cognitive health. Latest information about COVID-19 (Health Alerts), Academics & Support Info for Faculty (Teaching Commons). Motivated by evidence that the dentate gyrus differentially mediates the pattern separation (PS) component of declarative memory function and that dentate gyrus harbors molecular and cellular pathologies in schizophrenia, we examined whether PS performance is altered in volunteers with schizophrenia (SZV) relative to healthy volunteers (HV). From this dual-attention perspective, dorsal PPC is thought to support the goal-directed allocation of attention, whereas ventral PPC is thought to support reflexive orienting to information that automatically captures attention. However, prior studies do not unambiguously indicate that LIPC priming effects are specific to the recapitulation of higher-level (semantic and/or phonological), rather than lower-level (perceptual), processes. From these inputs, the cerebellum could compute the discrepancy between actual and intended phonological rehearsal and use this information to update a feedforward command to the frontal lobes, thereby facilitating the phonological loop. A review of the literature demonstrated a similar distinction between left prefrontal regions involved in semantic processing and phonological/lexical processing. Remarkably, provision of expected value information improved the performance of older adults to match that of younger adults at baseline. Goal-Directed Modulation of Neural Memory Patterns: Implications for fMRI-Based Memory Detection. Importantly, within PRC and PHC, this content-sensitive recall was predicted by content tuning during perception: Across PRC voxels, we observed a positive relationship between object tuning during perception and successful object recall, while across PHC voxels, we observed a positive relationship between scene tuning during perception and successful scene recall. The ability to measure memory reactivation offers unique and powerful leverage on theoretical issues of long-standing interest in cognitive psychology, providing a means to address questions that have proven difficult to answer with behavioral data alone. A., Shah, A. T., DuBrow, S., Wagner, A. D. Imaging the Human Medial Temporal Lobe with High-Resolution fMRI, Integrating Memories in the Human Brain: Hippocampal-Midbrain Encoding of Overlapping Events, Decreased demands on cognitive control reveal the neural processing benefits of forgetting. On each trial, subjects maintained a target set of words, and then decided if a subsequent probe was contained in the target set (positive) or not (negative). These findings suggest that knowledge accumulation sculpts the neural networks associated with successful memory formation, and highlight close links between knowledge acquired during studying and basic neurocognitive processes that establish durable memories.In a sample of medical students, we tracked knowledge accumulation via a web-based learning platform and investigated its effects on memory formation before and after participants' final medical exam. Preston, A. R., Shohamy, D., Tamminga, C. A., Wagner, A. D. Analogical reasoning and prefrontal cortex: Evidence for separable retrieval and integration mechanisms. Buckner, R. L., Koutstaal, W., Schacter, D. L., Wagner, A. D., Rosen, B. R. On the relationship between recognition familiarity and perceptual fluency: Evidence for distinct mnemonic processes. The lab is in the process of moving to the Department of Psychology at Stanford University. Prediction strength was manipulated by varying whether the sequence was initially presented once (Weak) or thrice (Strong) prior to the critical Repeat or Violation sequence. Title. Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences Concentration Advising in: Cognitive Science. Here, we use multivariate decoding and analyses of spontaneous correlations to show that context representations are distributed across subnetworks within prefrontal cortex. In Experiment 2, we examined whether engagement of retrieval attempt is context-dependent by varying the context in which retrieval was performed; this was done by changing test instructions. A fundamental question about human memory is why some experiences are remembered whereas others are forgotten. Wagner, A. D., Schacter, D. L., Rotte, M., Koutstaal, W., Maril, A., Dale, A. M., Rosen, B. R., Buckner, R. L. Association of CSF Biomarkers with Hippocampal-dependent Memory in Preclinical Alzheimer Disease. Kahn, I., Pascual-Leone, A., Theoret, H., Fregni, F., Clark, D., Wagner, A. D. Hippocampal function, declarative memory, and schizophrenia: anatomic and functional neuroimaging considerations. Deeper or more differentiated processing of same-race faces could yield more robust representations of same- vs. other-race faces that could support better recognition memory. A primary function of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is to signal prior encounter with behaviorally relevant stimuli. Ballard, I. C., Wagner, A. D., McClure, S. M. Minds and brains of media multitaskers: Current findings and future directions. These data suggest that associative mismatch is computed within hippocampus when cues trigger predictions that are violated by imminent experience. Given the real-world significance of such findings, further research is needed to uncover the mechanistic underpinnings of observed differences, to determine the direction of causality, to understand whether remediation efforts are needed and effective, and to determine how measurement heterogeneity relates to variable outcomes. Whole-brain multivoxel pattern analysis achieved near-perfect accuracy at distinguishing correctly recognized events from correctly rejected novel events, and decoding performance did not significantly vary with retention interval. To investigate the types of memory traces recovered by the medial temporal lobe (MTL), neural activity during veridical and illusory recognition was measured with the use of functional MRI (fMRI). Familiarity-based explicit recognition (as indexed by the inclusion-exclusion and the independence remember-know procedures) increased with conceptual processing. Given the critical role of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in episodic memory, age-related changes in MTL structure and function may partially account for individual differences in memory. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.019. Human participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while encoding associative information that varied in relatedness to medical knowledge (face-diagnosis vs face-name pairs). The present event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study sought to examine whether regions showing "old-new" effects support processes sensitive to recollection success or recollection attempt and whether recapitulation of neocortical representations emerge during veridical recollection as well as during false recognition (i.e., false alarms) or whether false recognition resembles familiarity-based responding. Memory formation can be observed by segregating neural responses according to whether or not each event is recalled or recognized on a subsequent memory test. We begin by briefly reviewing the literature implicating dorsal PPC in goal-directed attention and ventral PPC in reflexive attention. The goal of this study was to delineate specific memory processes that are disrupted in schizophrenia and explore how they are affected by medication. Accordingly, left parahippocampal cortex demonstrates sensitivity to perceptual novelty/familiarity, and it remains unclear whether this region also is sensitive to novelty/familiarity in the conceptual domain. Lateral frontopolar cortex (FPC) may also adjudicate response conflict, though others propose that FPC supports higher order control processes such as subgoaling and integration. B., Shelton, A. L., Wagner, A. D., Taylor, J. L. Expected value information improves financial risk taking across the adult life span. Furthermore, it remains unknown how memory is impacted by drug treatments for schizophrenia. However, PET studies have reported anterior MTL encoding activations more frequently than have fMRI studies. View details for PubMedCentralID PMC4254794, View details for Web of Science ID 000317030500043, View details for Web of Science ID 000317030500413, View details for DOI 10.1177/1745691612469031, View details for Web of Science ID 000313817400009. Uncapher, M. R., Lin, L., Rosen, L. D., Kirkorian, H. L., Baron, N. S., Bailey, K., Cantor, J., Strayer, D. L., Parsons, T. D., Wagner, A. D. Neural Correlates of Impaired Removal of Negative Information From Working Memory are Associated With Rumination and Reappraisal in Individuals Diagnosed With Major Depressive Disorder. Older adults experience impairments in episodic memory, ranging from mild to clinically significant. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) memory-guided predictions about CCD precede control adjustments due to the actual CCD required to perform, and (2) generalization of CCD can be accomplished through integration mechanisms that link partially overlapping CCD-item and item-item associations in memory. The same held true for source recollection. Remembering often requires the selection of goal-relevant memories in the face of competition from irrelevant memories. Moreover, although the magnitude of the subsequent memory effect in parietal cortex was not significantly affected by word type, this effect was greater in posterior LIPC for novel (pseudo-English) than for familiar (English) words. During encoding, it has been further hypothesized that structures within MTL cortex contribute to encoding in a content-sensitive manner, whereas hippocampal structures may contribute to encoding in a more domain-general manner. Subjects were scanned while making syllable decisions about visually presented familiar (English) and novel (pseudo-English and Foreign) words, a task that required retrieval and analysis of existing phonological codes or the assembly and analysis of novel representations. Additionally, stronger prediction violations elicited greater activity than weaker violations in CA1, and CA1 contained the greatest proportion of voxels displaying this prediction violation pattern relative to other medial temporal lobe regions. Finally, neural reactivation may provide a window onto the role of replay in memory consolidation. At the same time, decisions about how individuals structure their use of media can be informed by consideration of whether, and if so how, the mind and brain are shaped by different use patterns. View details for DOI 10.1523/ENEURO.0291-19.2019, Parkinson's disease (PD) episodic memory impairments are common; however, it is not known whether these impairments are due to hippocampal pathology. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment sought to further constrain theorizing regarding PI resolution. Regions of the inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis and pars orbitalis) and neighbouring orbital cortex, corresponding to portions of Brodmann areas 45, 46 and 47, exhibited significant increases in activation during semantic relative to perceptual judgments. Functional magnetic resonance imaging during selective retrieval showed that repeated retrieval of target memories was accompanied by dynamic reductions in the engagement of functionally coupled cognitive control mechanisms that detect (anterior cingulate cortex) and resolve (dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex) mnemonic competition. Phone: (650) 723-4048. These findings indicate that, although forgetting can be frustrating, memory might be adaptive because forgetting confers neural processing benefits. B., Wagner, A. D., Stone, M. V., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H. Does recoding interfering material improve recall? Although numerous neuroimaging studies have examined the functional neuroanatomy supporting episodic memory for verbal material, there have been few investigations of non-verbal episodic encoding and retrieval. This paper characterizes, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the variability in the existing manual segmentation protocols for labeling hippocampal and parahippocampal substructures in MRI, with the goal of guiding subsequent work on developing a harmonized substructure segmentation protocol.MRI scans of a single healthy adult human subject were acquired both at 3 T and 7 T. Representatives from 21 research groups applied their respective manual segmentation protocols to the MRI modalities of their choice.